Norway’s deposit return scheme is world’s recycling role model

Deposit return scheme snapshot:

• Country population: 5.57 million (August 2024)
• Container deposit: 2 NOK (approximately €0.17) for containers 0.5 liters or less, and 3 NOK (approximately €0.25) for containers over 0.5 liters (exchange rate comparison as of October 2024)
• Eligible containers: Plastic (predominantly PET, HDPE) and metal (aluminum/tinplate), for all beverage types
• Container return rates: 92.3% in 2023 (92.5% of cans, and 92.3% of plastic bottles)

   

Designing deposit return

Norway was one of the very first countries in the world to establish a deposit return system (DRS) for reusable bottles, with a system for refillable glass containers first established as far back as 1902, and automated return of refillable glass bottles through so-called reverse vending machines (RVMs) first coming into play in the early 1970s.

Norway’s deposit return system for single-use beverage containers is unique in that it was created voluntarily by the beverage and grocery retail industries. The system for non-reusable or “one-way” containers – including cans and PET – was implemented in 1999, driven by an element unique to Norway: environmental taxation imposed by the Norwegian government. 

To this day, there is a basic tax for beverage producers on all single-use containers, plus a variable environmental tax that is reduced as return rates increase. Containers with a 95% return rate or more are exempt from the environmental tax, creating a compelling financial incentive for producers to participate in the DRS and achieve the highest possible return rate. 

The deposit return scheme landscape in modern-day Norway

The deposit return system in Norway is part of everyday life for its 5+ million residents. Approximately 1.673 billion cans and PET bottles were sold on the Norwegian market in 2023, equating to an average consumption of 300 containers per person, per year. 

Across Norway, the deposit return system is managed and run by Infinitum, the Central System Administrator. Although privately owned, Infinitum is a not-for-profit organization, working on behalf of retailers and producers. 

Despite being run by Infinitum, Norway’s deposit return system is the responsibility of the country's beverage producers – they pay 100% of the net costs for the system. However, unredeemed deposits, revenue from the sales of container materials and other revenues (mainly from interest) are enough to cover the largest proportion of the costs – in 2021, for example, almost 95% of the expense was covered by these streams, with only 5.4% paid through an Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) fee from producers.

Through these four revenue streams, the beverage producers reinvest the income back into Norway’s deposit return system infrastructure. 

The EPR fees for each producer are based on the recycling cost and material value of each container material type that the producers have on the market, with the fees even differentiating between clear PET versus colored PET (see table). For example, aluminum cans do not carry any additional EPR cost for producers in Norway; this is because the inherent commodity value of aluminum, plus the revenue from unredeemed deposits, outweigh their cost to recover and process.

The design of Norway’s deposit return system means that its running and management is set by regulation, not legislation. As such, this means that changes to improve and update the deposit system can be done more nimbly and smoothly.

Key deposit return success factors in Norway: convenient recycling and consumer incentive

Infinitum operates its DRS via a “return-to-retail” model (meaning retailers who sell beverages must also take back the empty containers for recycling), with both manual and automatic return points.

Across Norway, there are approximately 3,900 reverse vending machines (RVMs) in 3,500 collection points for automated return of empty containers, and approximately 11,500 return points operating manually, together equating to one redemption point for every 362 people. There are also 35 logistic hubs and five processing facilities.

The deposit return system in Norway accepts cans (both aluminum and steel) and two types of plastic bottles (PET and HDPE), and all stores must accept all eligible containers included in the DRS. All containers must have Infinitum-approved labeling and must be produced according to the material packaging specification. This is key to the overall recycling process, as it means the exact materials used can be detected and Infinitum can confirm that all materials are recyclable. This ensures that the materials being recycled are of the highest quality and purity possible, able to be reused time after time. 

RVMs in Norway can also accept some beverage containers bought outside of the country, if a retailer chooses to offer this option. However, a deposit is not paid out on these containers. Infinitum incentivizes the use of compacting reverse vending machines, meaning that machines crush the containers after identification and before storage, due to their cost-saving benefit with respect to fraud mitigation and transportation efficiencies. Retail sites with compacting RVMs are paid a higher handling fee than those redeeming manually or without compaction (see below).

By 2018, inflation had eroded deposit values and return rates had dropped, so the system was adjusted to motivate consumers to participate and drive return rates back up. The deposit values were increased. For containers sized 0.5 liters or less, the deposit increased from 1 NOK to 2 NOK (approximately €0.20), while those over 0.5 liters saw their 2.50 NOK deposit value raised to 3 NOK (approximately €0.30). These were the first changes to the deposit value in Norway since the introduction of a DRS for single-use containers in 1999, and the increase had the desired effect, with the return rate rising by 7.2% for cans 5% for PET between the end of 2017 and the end of 2021.  In general, Norway’s deposit is considered to provide a compelling incentive for consumers to return their containers. 

Results: high return rates and reduction in container litter

The success of Norway’s deposit return system speaks for itself. In 2023, more than 1.54 billion beverage containers were returned for recycling, according to Infinitum’s annual report.

When broken down, more than 954 million cans were returned, equating to 92.5% of all cans sold and recycling almost 13,000 tonnes of aluminium. With a return rate of 92.3%, over 589 million plastic bottles were returned through the deposit scheme and more than 21,000 tonnes of plastic were mechanically recycled.  

In 2023, Norway achieved a total return rate of 92.3% (across both cans and plastic bottles) through the deposit system. It is expected that Norway will be able to reach a collection rate of 93% over the coming years, thanks to the increase in deposit value. While not part of the European Union (EU), Norway is following the recommendations of the EU and targets in the Single-Use Plastics Directive set out for member states, to separately collect 90% of plastic bottles by 2029, and is already meeting these non-binding targets.

Of returned containers, in-store RVMs account for around 94% of those collected, with 6% collected at manual return points or from the food service industry. From an environmental perspective, less than 1% of beverage containers in Norway are littered, and only one in eight bottles washed up ashore on the Norwegian coastline are actually from Norway; the rest is from its neighboring countries. 

What Norwegians think about the deposit return system

From the start of Infinitum, the Central System Administrator has twice a year conducted a web-based category tracker, with more than 6000 respondents aged over 18. More than 92% say that it is very important for them to be able to return every can and bottle. They believe it is good for the environment, and they trust the system. They know that they will receive their deposit money back, and that all cans and bottles will be recycled to new cans and bottles. 

If a new beverage bottle or can is launched without deposit, Infinitum receives reactions directly to their team and via social media. Norwegians simply like to be able to return their containers through the deposit return system.